Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH

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Ageing leads to selective type II myofibre deterioration and denervation independent of reinnervative capacity in human skeletal muscle.
Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3500-2896
Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3747-0148
Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2921-833x
Centre for Healthy Ageing, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK..
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2025 (English)In: Experimental Physiology, ISSN 0958-0670, E-ISSN 1469-445X, Vol. 110, no 2, p. 277-292Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Age-related loss of muscle mass and function is underpinned by changes at the myocellular level. However, our understanding of the aged muscle phenotype might be confounded by factors secondary to ageing per se, such as inactivity and adiposity. Here, using healthy, lean, recreationally active, older men, we investigated the impact of ageing on myocellular properties in skeletal muscle. Muscle biopsies were obtained from young men (22 ± 3 years, n = 10) and older men (69 ± 3 years, n = 11) matched for health status, activity level and body mass index. Immunofluorescence was used to assess myofibre composition, morphology (size and shape), capillarization, the content of satellite cells and myonuclei, the spatial relationship between satellite cells and capillaries, denervation and myofibre grouping. Compared with young muscle, aged muscle contained 53% more type I myofibres, in addition to smaller (-32%) and misshapen (3%) type II myofibres (P < 0.05). Aged muscle manifested fewer capillaries (-29%) and satellite cells (-38%) surrounding type II myofibres (P < 0.05); however, the spatial relationship between these two remained intact. The proportion of denervated myofibres was ∼2.6-fold higher in old than young muscle (P < 0.05). Aged muscle had more grouped type I myofibres (∼18-fold), primarily driven by increased size of existing groups rather than increased group frequency (P < 0.05). Aged muscle displayed selective deterioration of type II myofibres alongside increased denervation and myofibre grouping. These data are key to understanding the cellular basis of age-related muscle decline and reveal a pressing need to fine-tune strategies to preserve type II myofibres and innervation status in ageing populations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2025. Vol. 110, no 2, p. 277-292
Keywords [en]
NCAM, Pax7, ageing, human skeletal muscle, sarcopenia
National Category
Geriatrics Physiology and Anatomy
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-8397DOI: 10.1113/EP092222ISI: 001344374000001PubMedID: 39466960Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85207868779OAI: oai:DiVA.org:gih-8397DiVA, id: diva2:1914715
Available from: 2024-11-20 Created: 2024-11-20 Last updated: 2025-09-16
In thesis
1. Aging muscle and anabolic resistance: from whole muscle to the single fiber level
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aging muscle and anabolic resistance: from whole muscle to the single fiber level
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Maintaining muscle mass is crucial for health and physical activity. Around age 40, muscle mass begins to decline, potentially leading to sarcopenia, a condition associated with frailty and increased fall risk. Age-related muscle loss is complex and multifactorial. The prevailing view is that this loss is driven by anabolic resistance, which is a reduced capacity to increase muscle protein synthesis (MPS) after anabolic cues, i.e., essential amino acids (EAA) or resistance exercise (REx). Mechanistically, this is thought to be underpinned by dysregulation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway. However, it is unclear whether anabolic resistance contributes to muscle loss in healthy, physically active older adults or if studies supporting this have been confounded by other factors, e.g., inactivity and adiposity. Aging also induces changes at the myocellular level, such as satellite cell loss and morphological alterations, but whether these changes are due to aging itself or lifestyle factors is still being debated.           

This thesis examined how anabolic cues impact MPS, mTORC1 signaling, and markers of protein degradation in young and older men. Emphasis was on performing analyses on whole muscle samples and in type I and type II fibers separately. Further aims were to investigate features of muscle fibers in young and older men, focusing on morphology, satellite cells, capillarization, and denervation-reinnervation cycles. The final aim was to develop a valid and fast method for fiber type identification of isolated fibers.           

In paper I, the MPS and mTORC1 signaling response was examined in young and older men after EAA intake alone and combined with REx. The results showed comparable rates of MPS across age groups in response to EAA intake, both alone and with REx. Additionally, mTORC1 signaling was similar to or more pronounced in older men compared to younger men. Notably, older men displayed higher levels of amino acid transporters, nutrient sensors, and mTORC1 activators. In paper II, older men had a lesser proportion of type II fibers, smaller and misshaped type II fibers, and fewer satellite cells and capillaries surrounding their type II fibers. Additionally, older men had more denervated and “grouped” muscle fibers compared to young. In paper III, a new method (THRIFTY) for fiber typing individual fibers was developed, proving valid and more time-efficient than reference methods. In paper IV, the THRIFTY method was implemented, and the cell signaling response to intake of EAA alone and combined with REx was examined in pooled type I and type II fibers. The anabolic signaling response was similar or even more pronounced in old compared to young, with a more robust response observed in type I than in type II fibers. No deficits or alterations in autophagic signaling or E3 ligase expression were observed in older adults after EAA intake alone and combined with REx.           

In conclusion, healthy, lean, physically active, older men did not display deficits in MPS and mTORC1 signaling after anabolic cues, assessed in whole muscle and pooled type I and type II fibers. This indicates that anabolic resistance is not inherently linked to aging per se. However, older men showed increased expression of amino acid transporters, nutrient sensors, and mTORC1 activators, which may help maintain anabolic sensitivity. Despite exhibiting decrements specifically in type II fibers, such as atrophy and altered shape, there was no impairment in mTORC1 signaling or signaling related to autophagy and proteasomal degradation in these fibers after anabolic stimulation. Other factors, such as denervation and satellite cell deficits, may contribute to muscle loss in this population, but their relative impact remains unclear.

Abstract [sv]

Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att öka förståelsen för de cellulära och molekylära mekanismer som ligger bakom muskelförlust vid åldrande, med särskilt fokus på anabol resistens. Detta tillstånd kännetecknas av en nedsatt förmåga att stimulera proteinsyntesen vid anabola stimuli, såsom intag av proteinrik mat eller fysisk träning. En viktig bakomliggande faktor för anabol resistens är minskad aktivering av mTOR, en signalväg essentiell för cellens tillväxt. Vidare undersöktes hur åldrande påverkar egenskaperna hos snabba (typ II) och långsamma (typ I) muskelfibrer. I avhandlingen utvecklades också en ny metod för att förenkla framtida studier på enskilda muskelfibrer.           

Studierna omfattade friska, fysiskt aktiva, män i åldrarna 18–35 år och 65–74 år som genomförde ett styrketräningspass samt intog essentiella aminosyror (EAA). Muskelprover analyserades för proteinsyntes, mTOR-signalering och markörer för proteinnedbrytning. Ytterligare analyser i typ I och typ II muskelfibrer utfördes för att studera morfologi, stamceller, kapillärer och tecken på denervering för att öka förståelsen av åldrandets påverkan på dessa olika fibertyper.           

Resultatet från studie I visade att proteinsyntesen ökade efter intag av EAA, en effekt som förstärktes efter styrketräning, men inga skillnader fanns mellan unga och äldre män. Den äldre gruppen hade däremot högre mTOR-signalering och ökade nivåer av proteiner relaterade till aminosyraupptag och aktivering av mTOR-signalvägen. Studie II visade att äldre män hade en högre andel typ I fibrer, mindre och missformade typ II fibrer, samt färre stamceller och kapillärer kring typ II fibrerna. Den äldre gruppen hade också fler denerverade fibrer och en högre andel grupperade typ I fibrer. I studie III utvecklades en ny metod, THRIFTY, för snabb och effektiv fibertypning av enskilda muskelfibrer. Metoden möjliggjorde, bland annat, tillförlitlig identifiering av hybridfibrer. Studie IV visade att muskelfibrer från äldre män inte hade nedsatt mTOR-signalering eller förändringar i signalvägar relaterade till proteinnedbrytning i respons till anabola stimuli.           

Sammanfattningsvis, proteinsyntes och mTOR-signalering efter EAA-intag, med eller utan styrketräning, inte är nedsatt hos friska, fysiskt aktiva äldre män. Detta tyder på att åldrande i sig inte är en huvudorsak till anabol resistens. Friska äldre har ett högre innehåll av proteiner som aktiverar mTOR-signalvägen, vilket kan hjälpa till att bevara anabol känslighet. Muskelvävnaden från friska äldre uppvisar dock förändringar som fiberatrofi och förlust av stamceller, främst i typ II fibrer, samt tecken på denervering. Muskelatrofin som specifikt drabbar typ II fibrer vid åldrande verkar inte bero på akuta förändringar i signalvägar för proteinsyntes eller proteinnedbrytning vid anabolt stimuli, men kan potentiellt förklaras av ökad denervering eller förlust av stamceller. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, 2024
Series
Avhandlingsserie för Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan ; 36
Keywords
Aging, Skeletal muscle, mTORC1, Autophagy, Satellite cells, Anabolic resistance
National Category
Physiology and Anatomy
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-8437 (URN)978-91-988127-7-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-01-31, Aulan, Lidingövägen 1, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-16 Created: 2024-12-16 Last updated: 2025-09-16Bibliographically approved

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Horwath, OscarMoberg, MarcusEdman, SebastianApro, William

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