Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH

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Anabolic Sensitivity in Healthy, Lean, Older Men Is Associated With Higher Expression of Amino Acid Sensors and mTORC1 Activators Compared to Young
Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3500-2896
Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3747-0148
Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada;Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK.
Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2921-833x
Show others and affiliations
2025 (English)In: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, ISSN 2190-5991, E-ISSN 2190-6009, Vol. 16, no 1, article id e13613Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

Sarcopenia is thought to be underlined by age-associated anabolic resistance and dysregulation of intracellular signalling pathways. However, it is unclear whether these phenomena are driven by ageing per se or other confounding factors.

Methods

Lean and healthy young (n = 10, 22 ± 3 years, BMI; 23.4 ± 0.8 kg/m2) and old men (n = 10, 70 ± 3 years, BMI; 22.7 ± 1.3 kg/m2) performed unilateral resistance exercise followed by intake of essential amino acids (EAA). Muscle biopsies were collected from the rested and the exercised leg before, immediately after and 60 and 180 min after EAA intake. Muscle samples were analysed for amino acid concentrations, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and associated anabolic signalling.

Results

Following exercise, peak plasma levels of EAA and leucine were similar between groups, but the area under the curve was ~11% and ~28% lower in Young (p < 0.01). Absolute levels of muscle EAA and leucine peaked 60 min after exercise, with ~15 and ~21% higher concentrations in the exercising leg (p < 0.01) but with no difference between groups. MPS increased in both the resting (~0.035%·h−1 to 0.056%·h−1, p < 0.05) and exercising leg (~0.035%·h−1 to 0.083%·h−1, p < 0.05) with no difference between groups. Phosphorylation of S6K1Thr389 increased to a similar extent in the exercising leg in both groups but was 2.8-fold higher in the resting leg of Old at the 60 min timepoint (p < 0.001). Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1Ser65 increased following EAA intake and exercise, but differences between legs were statistically different only at 180 min (p < 0.001). However, phosphorylation of this site was on average 78% greater across all timepoints in Old (p < 0.01). Phosphorylation of eEF2Thr56 was reduced (~66% and 39%) in the exercising leg at both timepoints after EAA intake and exercise, with no group differences (p < 0.05). However, phosphorylation at this site was reduced by ~27% also in the resting leg at 60 min, an effect that was only seen in Old (p < 0.01). Total levels of Rheb (~45%), LAT1 (~31%) and Rag B (~31%) were higher in Old (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Lean and healthy old men do not manifest AR as evidenced by potent increases in MPS and mTORC1 signalling following EAA intake and exercise. Maintained anabolic sensitivity with age appears to be a function of a compensatory increase in basal levels of proteins involved in anabolic signalling. Therefore, our results suggest that age per se does not appear to cause AR in human skeletal muscle.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2025. Vol. 16, no 1, article id e13613
Keywords [en]
amino acid sensing, cell signalling, protein synthesis, resistance exercise, sarcopenia
National Category
Physiology and Anatomy
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-8394DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13613PubMedID: 39558870Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85209789027OAI: oai:DiVA.org:gih-8394DiVA, id: diva2:1914659
Funder
Åke Wiberg Foundation, M17‐0259EU, Horizon Europe, 707336Lars Hierta Memorial Foundation, FO2017-0325
Note

At the time of Oscar Horwath's dissertation this article was published ahead of print.

Available from: 2024-11-20 Created: 2024-11-20 Last updated: 2025-09-16
In thesis
1. Aging muscle and anabolic resistance: from whole muscle to the single fiber level
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aging muscle and anabolic resistance: from whole muscle to the single fiber level
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Maintaining muscle mass is crucial for health and physical activity. Around age 40, muscle mass begins to decline, potentially leading to sarcopenia, a condition associated with frailty and increased fall risk. Age-related muscle loss is complex and multifactorial. The prevailing view is that this loss is driven by anabolic resistance, which is a reduced capacity to increase muscle protein synthesis (MPS) after anabolic cues, i.e., essential amino acids (EAA) or resistance exercise (REx). Mechanistically, this is thought to be underpinned by dysregulation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway. However, it is unclear whether anabolic resistance contributes to muscle loss in healthy, physically active older adults or if studies supporting this have been confounded by other factors, e.g., inactivity and adiposity. Aging also induces changes at the myocellular level, such as satellite cell loss and morphological alterations, but whether these changes are due to aging itself or lifestyle factors is still being debated.           

This thesis examined how anabolic cues impact MPS, mTORC1 signaling, and markers of protein degradation in young and older men. Emphasis was on performing analyses on whole muscle samples and in type I and type II fibers separately. Further aims were to investigate features of muscle fibers in young and older men, focusing on morphology, satellite cells, capillarization, and denervation-reinnervation cycles. The final aim was to develop a valid and fast method for fiber type identification of isolated fibers.           

In paper I, the MPS and mTORC1 signaling response was examined in young and older men after EAA intake alone and combined with REx. The results showed comparable rates of MPS across age groups in response to EAA intake, both alone and with REx. Additionally, mTORC1 signaling was similar to or more pronounced in older men compared to younger men. Notably, older men displayed higher levels of amino acid transporters, nutrient sensors, and mTORC1 activators. In paper II, older men had a lesser proportion of type II fibers, smaller and misshaped type II fibers, and fewer satellite cells and capillaries surrounding their type II fibers. Additionally, older men had more denervated and “grouped” muscle fibers compared to young. In paper III, a new method (THRIFTY) for fiber typing individual fibers was developed, proving valid and more time-efficient than reference methods. In paper IV, the THRIFTY method was implemented, and the cell signaling response to intake of EAA alone and combined with REx was examined in pooled type I and type II fibers. The anabolic signaling response was similar or even more pronounced in old compared to young, with a more robust response observed in type I than in type II fibers. No deficits or alterations in autophagic signaling or E3 ligase expression were observed in older adults after EAA intake alone and combined with REx.           

In conclusion, healthy, lean, physically active, older men did not display deficits in MPS and mTORC1 signaling after anabolic cues, assessed in whole muscle and pooled type I and type II fibers. This indicates that anabolic resistance is not inherently linked to aging per se. However, older men showed increased expression of amino acid transporters, nutrient sensors, and mTORC1 activators, which may help maintain anabolic sensitivity. Despite exhibiting decrements specifically in type II fibers, such as atrophy and altered shape, there was no impairment in mTORC1 signaling or signaling related to autophagy and proteasomal degradation in these fibers after anabolic stimulation. Other factors, such as denervation and satellite cell deficits, may contribute to muscle loss in this population, but their relative impact remains unclear.

Abstract [sv]

Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att öka förståelsen för de cellulära och molekylära mekanismer som ligger bakom muskelförlust vid åldrande, med särskilt fokus på anabol resistens. Detta tillstånd kännetecknas av en nedsatt förmåga att stimulera proteinsyntesen vid anabola stimuli, såsom intag av proteinrik mat eller fysisk träning. En viktig bakomliggande faktor för anabol resistens är minskad aktivering av mTOR, en signalväg essentiell för cellens tillväxt. Vidare undersöktes hur åldrande påverkar egenskaperna hos snabba (typ II) och långsamma (typ I) muskelfibrer. I avhandlingen utvecklades också en ny metod för att förenkla framtida studier på enskilda muskelfibrer.           

Studierna omfattade friska, fysiskt aktiva, män i åldrarna 18–35 år och 65–74 år som genomförde ett styrketräningspass samt intog essentiella aminosyror (EAA). Muskelprover analyserades för proteinsyntes, mTOR-signalering och markörer för proteinnedbrytning. Ytterligare analyser i typ I och typ II muskelfibrer utfördes för att studera morfologi, stamceller, kapillärer och tecken på denervering för att öka förståelsen av åldrandets påverkan på dessa olika fibertyper.           

Resultatet från studie I visade att proteinsyntesen ökade efter intag av EAA, en effekt som förstärktes efter styrketräning, men inga skillnader fanns mellan unga och äldre män. Den äldre gruppen hade däremot högre mTOR-signalering och ökade nivåer av proteiner relaterade till aminosyraupptag och aktivering av mTOR-signalvägen. Studie II visade att äldre män hade en högre andel typ I fibrer, mindre och missformade typ II fibrer, samt färre stamceller och kapillärer kring typ II fibrerna. Den äldre gruppen hade också fler denerverade fibrer och en högre andel grupperade typ I fibrer. I studie III utvecklades en ny metod, THRIFTY, för snabb och effektiv fibertypning av enskilda muskelfibrer. Metoden möjliggjorde, bland annat, tillförlitlig identifiering av hybridfibrer. Studie IV visade att muskelfibrer från äldre män inte hade nedsatt mTOR-signalering eller förändringar i signalvägar relaterade till proteinnedbrytning i respons till anabola stimuli.           

Sammanfattningsvis, proteinsyntes och mTOR-signalering efter EAA-intag, med eller utan styrketräning, inte är nedsatt hos friska, fysiskt aktiva äldre män. Detta tyder på att åldrande i sig inte är en huvudorsak till anabol resistens. Friska äldre har ett högre innehåll av proteiner som aktiverar mTOR-signalvägen, vilket kan hjälpa till att bevara anabol känslighet. Muskelvävnaden från friska äldre uppvisar dock förändringar som fiberatrofi och förlust av stamceller, främst i typ II fibrer, samt tecken på denervering. Muskelatrofin som specifikt drabbar typ II fibrer vid åldrande verkar inte bero på akuta förändringar i signalvägar för proteinsyntes eller proteinnedbrytning vid anabolt stimuli, men kan potentiellt förklaras av ökad denervering eller förlust av stamceller. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, 2024
Series
Avhandlingsserie för Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan ; 36
Keywords
Aging, Skeletal muscle, mTORC1, Autophagy, Satellite cells, Anabolic resistance
National Category
Physiology and Anatomy
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-8437 (URN)978-91-988127-7-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-01-31, Aulan, Lidingövägen 1, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-16 Created: 2024-12-16 Last updated: 2025-09-16Bibliographically approved

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Horwath, OscarMoberg, MarcusEdman, SebastianAndersson, EvaApro, William

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