Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH

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The effect of a reduced first step width on starting block and first stance power and impulses during an athletic sprint start.
Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, Laboratoriet för biomekanik och motorisk kontroll (BMC).ORCID-id: 0000-0002-4188-9200
KTH, Karolinska institutet.
Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, Laboratoriet för biomekanik och motorisk kontroll (BMC). Karolinska institutet.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-1210-6449
2019 (Engelska)Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences, ISSN 0264-0414, E-ISSN 1466-447X, Vol. 37, nr 9, s. 1046-1054Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

This study investigated how manipulating first step width affects 3D external force production, centre of mass (CoM) motion and performance in athletic sprinting. Eight male and 2 female competitive sprinters (100m PB: 11.03 ± 0.36 s male and 11.6 ± 0.45 s female) performed 10 maximal effort block starts. External force and three-dimensional kinematics were recorded in both the block and first stance phases. Five trials were performed with the athletes performing their preferred technique (Skating) and five trials with the athletes running inside a 0.3 m lane (Narrow). By reducing step width from a mean of 0.31 ± 0.06 m (Skating) to 0.19 ± 0.03 m (Narrow), reductions were found between the two styles in medial block and medial 1st stance impulses, 1st stance anterior toe-off velocity and mediolateral motion of the CoM. No differences were found in block time, step length, stance time, average net resultant force vector, net anteroposterior impulse nor normalised external power. Step width correlated positively with medial impulse but not with braking nor net anteroposterior impulse. Despite less medially directed forces and less mediolateral motion of the CoM in the Narrow trials, no immediate improvement to performance was found by restricting step width.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Taylor & Francis, 2019. Vol. 37, nr 9, s. 1046-1054
Nyckelord [en]
CoM motion, Sprinting, external power, foot placement, impulse
Nationell ämneskategori
Idrottsvetenskap
Forskningsämne
Medicin/Teknik
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5479DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1541161ISI: 000463112500011PubMedID: 30460879OAI: oai:DiVA.org:gih-5479DiVA, id: diva2:1265810
Tillgänglig från: 2018-11-26 Skapad: 2018-11-26 Senast uppdaterad: 2021-05-17
Ingår i avhandling
1. Athletic Sprint Start Biomechanics: Investigations into the relationships between three dimensional starting technique, first step width and performance
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Athletic Sprint Start Biomechanics: Investigations into the relationships between three dimensional starting technique, first step width and performance
2021 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

The block and early acceleration phase plays a very important role in the overall outcome of athletic sprint events. During this part of the race it is commonly observed that sprinters use a lower-body technique that involves the swing leg crossing medially in front of the athlete followed by wide steps. These wide initial steps give the impression that the legs are flailing out to the side. Some coaches believe that this action could be inefficient and thus should be curtailed. However, there is limited knowledge about this movement pattern and its relation to performance.

Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis was to help elucidate from a biomechanical perspective a) the fundamental underlying kinematic and mechanical basis to this technique and b) how both performance and muscular contributions to propulsion would be affected when step width was restricted.

A cross sectional study design was used to examine specific kinematic and kinetic variables from 11 competitive sprinters (9 male, 2 female) performing maximum effort 15 m sprint starts. Three-dimensional kinematics, ground reaction force and electromyographical data were recorded from the block phase to the end of the 1st stance phase. Each athlete performed five trials with their natural technique and five trials inside a 0.3 m wide lane. A 15-segment, full-body model and a 37 degrees of freedom full-body musculoskeletal model were created and used to calculate relevant variables/parameters. Normalised average horizontal external power was used as the performance measure.

A combination of pelvis list and rotation (but not hip adduction) was found to be coupled with the thigh of the swing leg moving medially during the single push phase. In the unrestricted width trials, pelvic list range of motion and medial impulses correlated positively with step width but step width was not found to be related to performance. When step width was restricted, a more forward pointing normalised average ground reaction force vector was seen but lower body muscular contributions to acceleration were reduced and no immediate improvement to performance was found.

The primary kinematic reason behind the lower body posture the sprinters adopt during the block phase whereby the swing leg moves medially in front of the body is caused by a combination of three dimensional pelvis rotations rather than simply hip internal rotation/or adduction of the swing leg. Trying to reduce pelvic range of motion or minimising the flailing leg motion is unlikely to lead to an improvement in performance. Therefore, the notion that this technique is inefficient, was not supported by this study.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, 2021
Serie
Avhandlingsserie för Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan ; 20
Nyckelord
sprint start, step width, biomechanics, performance, angular momentum
Nationell ämneskategori
Idrottsvetenskap
Forskningsämne
Medicin/Teknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6688 (URN)978-91-986490-1-7 (ISBN)
Disputation
2021-06-11, Zoom, 13:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Tillgänglig från: 2021-05-17 Skapad: 2021-05-17 Senast uppdaterad: 2021-05-20

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Arndt, Anton

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Sandamas, PaulArndt, Anton
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Laboratoriet för biomekanik och motorisk kontroll (BMC)
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Journal of Sports Sciences
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