Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH

Syfte

Syftet med arbetet är att, utifrån ett tränarperspektiv, undersöka varför tjejer i de övre tonåren väljer att sluta med fotboll som föreningsidrott. Ytterligare ett syfte är att undersöka tränares syn på avhopp bland tjejer i de övre tonåren och hur man kan arbeta för att behålla tjejerna ännu längre inom fotbollsföreningarna.

1. Varför slutar tjejer i de övre tonåren med fotboll som föreningsidrott?

2. Hur kan tränare fortsatt motivera tjejer i de övre tonåren till vidare spelande?

Metod

Metoden som använts är kvalitativ och det har genomförts 5 intervjuer av semistrukturerad karaktär. Undersökningspersonerna har tagits fram genom kontakt med 5 olika klubbar i Stockholmsområdet. Sedan analyserades intervjuerna utifrån narrativ och induktiv analysmetod. Intervjuerna analyserades utifrån två olika teoretiska utgångspunkter, Antonovskys (1991) teori om känsla av sammanhang och Lars – Magnus Engströms (2014)teori om prestationspraktiken.

Resultat

Resultatet som presenteras i den första frågeställningen är att tjejer i de övre tonåren slutar med fotboll som föreningsidrott av flera olika skäl. Exempelvis brist på tillhörighet, glädje, motivation och prestationsångest. Samtliga undersökningspersoner var överens om att tjejer i de övre tonåren som utövar fotboll är i ständigt behov av att känna sig och bli motiverade. I den andra frågeställningen pratade undersökningspersonerna om att ständigt jobba med kortoch långsiktiga mål med sin grupp, nivåanpassa träning och match – mäta sig med jämbördiga. Slutligen pratade samtliga om att relationer är viktigt, att ha bra relationer med sina spelare leder i de flesta fall, enligt intervjupersonernas upplevelse, till att tjejer i de övre tonåren fortsätter spela.

Slutsats

Studiens slutsats är att tränare på olika sätt behöver arbeta med motivationen hos tjejer i deövre tonåren och att detta behöver göras genom relationellt arbete. För att behålla tjejer i de övre tonåren inom fotbollen ställs det krav på att tränare är medvetna om hur hög andel som hoppar av i de övre tonåren samt vilka faktorer som leder till avhopp. Vidare behöver arbetet vara främjande och pågå ständigt för att förhindra att motivationen hos tjejer i de övre tonåren sjunker.

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga vilken typ av fysträning som bedrivs inom svensk konståkning idag.

· Vilken uppfattning har svenska tränare om styrketräning i praktiken? 

· Har åkarna samma uppfattning om styrketräning som tränarna eller skiljer det sig åt? 

· Vilken typ av styrketräning bedrivs idag enligt tränarna? 

· Vilken typ av styrketräning bedrivs idag enligt åkarna?

Metod: Syfte och frågeställningarna besvarades med hjälp av en digital enkätstudie skapad via webbtjänsten Google Drive, där kvantitativ och kvalitativ data samlas in om styrketräning och konståkning. Den kvantitativa datan har sammanställts och redovisats via Microsoft Excel 2018 i deskriptiv form, och den kvalitativa datan bearbetades genom en innehållsanalys.

Resultat: Både tränarnas och åkarnas uppfattning till styrketräning är mestadels positiva. Resultaten visar även att den generella uppfattningen om tung styrketräning är mer positiv hos åkarna än hos tränarna. Tränarna förespråkade plyometrisk- och powerträning i större utsträckning. När det gäller styrketräning med eller utan vikter, hade båda urvalsgrupperna samma uppfattning. De tyckte att en kombination av båda är bäst för att det ska gynna konståkare. Dock uppger åkarna att de sällan eller aldrig använder sig av vikter vid styrketräning, och de har främst gemensam fysträning. Tränarna menade på att man hade en kombinerad fysträning av gemensamma och individuella pass. Det som också skiljde sig åt mellan grupperna var att tränarna uppgav i högre grad att de genomförde träning inriktat på styrka i gymmet, jämfört med åkarna. Åkarna uppger att de främst var utomhus eller inne i ishallen. 

Slutsats: Denna studie har ett begränsade antal svar i relation till de 145 konståkningsklubbar som finns i Sverige. Resultaten visar att tränarna generellt har en positiv uppfattning om styrketräning, likt åkarna. Tränarna och åkarna har även en liknande uppfattning om vilken typ av träning som bedrivs, kopplat till litteraturen. Det tycks finnas skillnader om hur användningen av olika styrketräningsformer kan användas för att gynna konståkarnas utveckling på isen. Det skulle behöva genomföras en större undersökning inom området styrketräning för konståkare. Detta för att skapa möjligheter för SKF och konståkningsklubbar att stäva mot de eventuella åtgärder som finns. 

Using a three-wave prospective cross-lagged panel design, the study examined six-month stability of burnout, self-compassion and social support among sports coaches in terms of measurement invariance, mean-level change, rank-order stability, and structural stability. The participating coaches (N = 422; Mage = 44.48, SD = 11.03) completed an online questionnaire measuring self-compassion, social support, coach burnout and demographics at baseline and two follow-ups at three months and six months. The various forms of stability were assessed using structural equation modeling. There was no significant mean-level change in burnout, self-compassion, or social support, and all three constructs exhibited measurement invariance. Rank-order stability remained relatively high, ranging from .78 to .94 across the three time points. For all three constructs, covariances between latent factors were invariant over time, indicating high structural stability. While self-compassion and social support were positively related, both were negatively related to coach burnout. These results confirm the importance of preventing and addressing symptoms of burnout, low self-compassion and poor social support in sports settings.

Using a three-wave prospective cross-lagged panel design, the study examined six-month stability of burnout, self-compassion and social support among sports coaches in terms of measurement invariance, mean-level change, rank-order stability, and structural stability. The participating coaches (N = 422; Mage = 44.48, SD = 11.03) completed an online questionnaire measuring self-compassion, social support, coach burnout and demographics at baseline and two follow-ups at three months and six months. The various forms of stability were assessed using structural equation modeling. There was no significant mean-level change in burnout, self-compassion, or social support, and all three constructs exhibited measurement invariance. Rank-order stability remained relatively high, ranging from 0.78 to 0.94 across the three time points. For all three constructs, covariances between latent factors were invariant over time, indicating high structural stability. While self-compassion and social support were positively related, both were negatively related to coach burnout. These results confirm the importance of preventing and addressing symptoms of burnout, low self-compassion and poor social support in sports settings.

Weak electromagnetic fields (WEF) alter Ca²⁺ handling in skeletal muscle myotubes. Owing to the involvement of Ca²⁺ in muscle development, we investigated whether WEF affects fusion of myoblasts in culture. Rat primary myoblast cultures were exposed to WEF (1.75 µT, 16 Hz) for up to six days. Under control conditions, cell fusion and creatine kinase (CK) activity increased in parallel and peaked at 4-6 days. WEF enhanced the extent of fusion after one and two days (by ~40%) vs. control, but not thereafter. Exposure to WEF also enhanced CK activity after two days (almost four-fold), but not afterwards. Incorporation of ³H-thymidine into DNA was enhanced by one-day exposure to WEF (~40%), indicating increased cell replication. Using the potentiometric fluorescent dye di-8-ANEPPS, we found that exposure of cells to 150 mM KCl resulted in depolarization of the cell membrane. However, prior exposure of cells to WEF for one day followed by addition of KCl resulted in hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Acute exposure of cells to WEF also resulted in hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Twenty-four hour incubation of myoblasts with gambogic acid, an inhibitor of the inward rectifying K⁺ channel 2.1 (K_ir2.1), did not affect cell fusion, WEF-mediated acceleration of fusion or hyperpolarization. These data demonstrate that WEF accelerates fusion of myoblasts, resulting in myotube formation. The WEF effect is associated with hyperpolarization but WEF does not appear to mediate its effects on fusion by activating K_ir2.1 channels.

Although it is advocated that end-users are engaged in developing evidence-based injury prevention training to enhance the implementation, this rarely happens. The ‘Implementing injury Prevention training ROutines in TEams and Clubs in youth Team handball (I-PROTECT)’ uses an ecological participatory design incorporating the perspectives of multiple stakeholders throughout the project. Within the I-PROTECT project, the current study aimed to describe the development of holistic injury prevention training specifically for youth handball players through using knowledge from both end-users (coaches and players) and researchers/handball experts. Employing action evaluation within participatory action research, the cyclical development process included three phases: research team preparation, handball expert-based preparation and end-user evaluation to develop injury prevention training incorporating both physical and psychological perspectives. To grow the knowledge of the interdisciplinary research team, rethinking was conducted within and between phases based on participants’ contributions. Researchers and end-users cocreated examples of handball-specific exercises, including injury prevention physical principles (movement technique for upper and lower extremities, respectively, and muscle strength) combined with psychological aspects (increase end-user motivation, task focus and body awareness) to integrate into warm-up and skills training within handball practice. A cyclical development process that engaged researchers/handball experts and end-users to cocreate evidence-based, theory-informed and context-specific injury prevention training specifically for youth handball players generated a first pilot version of exercises including physical principles combined with psychological aspects to be integrated within handball practice.

Purpose and research question: The purpose with the study was to investigate male coaches’ knowledge about menstruations impact on training. Also, to investigate the communication between coach and athlete about menstruation. The authors used three main questions 

What kind of knowledge about menstruations impact on training has male coaches? How are their experience about the communication about menstruation with their 

athletes? What kind of knowledge do they need about menstruation and the impact on training. 

Method: The authors used a qualitative method where they interviewed six different male coaches. Three coaches from TeamGym and three from cross-country skiing. All material has then been processed through a thematic content analysis.Results: The purpose and questions were answered, and the results was divided into three main questions which were then took down into subcategories. Under the first question, what kind of knowledge the trainers have, it is summarized that the trainers themselves felt that they had a certain knowledge but also that they need continued education about menstruation. Many of the trainers described their knowledge of menstruation linked to energy balance and training load. The coaches also described how they used their knowledge in different situations. To summarize the question about communication with athletes, was that there seems to be a certain taboo. The coaches reflect that the most important factor for breaking taboos seems to lie in the trust between coaches and athletes, coach-athlete relationship. The coaches also want to respect the athlete's integrity. The summary for the last main question, which was, what knowledge do the trainers need more of in further work with menstruations impact on training, they themselves described that they need more practically applicable research, a more open discussion climate and time for continuing education. 

Conclusion: The conclusion was that more knowledge is needed about menstruations impact on training and more of the general knowledge about menstruation. More education is required and that the trainers must actively work with the subject. Around the communication with athletes, the coaches need time to get to know their athletes and build a trust that must then be maintained and nurtured from both the athlete's and the coach's side. A strong coach- athlete relationship. The coaches also need further education to increase their knowledge in order to feel comfortable and to be able to answer the questions that may arise about menstruations impact on training. 

Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om akut koffeinintag har en påverkan på anaerob kapacitet med en halvcirkelspark (Dollyo Chagi) och anaerob effekt i en Squat Jump i smithmaskin. 

Metod Totalt deltog 26 försökspersoner. 16 av personerna (8 män och 8 kvinnor) rekryterades från idrotten Taekwon-Do som utförde ett sparktest; Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Test för att mäta anaerob kapacitet och beräkna ett trötthetsindex; Kick Decrement Index (KDI %). Teknikvalet i testet var en halvcirkelspark (Dollyo Chagi). Kravet på deltagarna för det som kallas för test 1, var att de tränat Taekwon-Do i minst fyra år. 10 av personerna rekryterades från övriga idrotter (8 män och 2 kvinnor) med vana för styrketräning för att mäta anaerob effektutveckling genom att de utförde en squat jump i smithmaskin med en yttre belastning motsvarande sin egen kroppsvikt. Detta test kallas för test 2. Både test 1 och test 2 hade två tillfällen som vi kallar för tillfälle 1 och tillfälle 2. Under tillfälle 2 tilldelades en experimentgrupp koffein 3mg/kg kroppsvikt, 30 minuter innan påbörjad test. Rekryteringen av deltagarna genomfördes genom e-mailutskick till personliga kontakter och föreningar i Stockholmsområdet. 

Resultat Resultaten visar en signifikant förbättring av både anaerob kapacitet och anaerob effekt efter akut intag av koffein. Anaerob kapacitet förbättrades med en förbättring av KDI % från 6,8 % till 3,8% (ca 44 %). Anerob effekt förbättrades där effektutvecklingen ökade från 553w till 877w (ca 37 %). 

Slutsats Denna studie visar att akut intag av koffein har en påverkan på anaerob prestation i form av alaktacida och laktacida prestationer där en ökning sker både i kapacitet och effekt. Denna information är värdefullt för utövare som vill prestera på topp och strävar efter medaljplatser. Men den visar också att timing för intaget måste stämma för maximal effekt av ämnet. 

Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate the wives of elite team gymnasts on sustainable elite sport and how to enable longer elite careers in teamgym. This is based on the following research question:

• What factors do elite team gymnasts believe contribute to a sustainable elite career in teamgym?

Method: In order to answer the study's purpose and research question, a qualitative interview method was chosen. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the help of six elite active team gymnasts, both men and women, born in 1996 or earlier. The interviews were recorded, listened to, transcribed and analyzed. Quotes and main themes were developed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis.  

Results: The result showed that the theme that pervades throughout the interviews is the passion for the sport, that the participants simply love teamgym, and that this is a strong internal motivation for them. Furthermore, the themes “sports context” and “everyday context” are presented with several sub-themes. Above all, three categories are highlighted as the most essential in why the participants choose to continue their elite practice, these are: relatedness, support and drive. Findings also show that the attitude towards the concepts of sustainability and elite sport varies greatly between the participants. 

Conclusion: With previous research results as a starting point, both connections and differences in the results in this study are established. During the interviews, various themes and their consequences emerge, which together in the study are referred to as “a healthy elite sport environment”. The healthy elite sport environment is a strong prerequisite for enabling longer elite careers in team gymnastics and should be taken into account and reviewed by all involved actors.

This study explored the experiences and perceptions of coaches, athletes, and integrated support teams towards the management of three Paralympic teams across North America and Europe. Six focus groups with athletes, three interviews with head coaches, and 10 interviews with support team members were conducted and analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis. Our analysis resulted in three overarching themes to portray the coaches' role and behaviours in managing their (1) athletes, (2) integrated support teams, and (3) team as a collective unit. All teams were made up of a diverse group of athletes that required individualized considerations regarding age, finances, and disability. Coaches were successful when they fostered autonomy and managed interpersonal conflict by utilizing their integrated support teams to foster cohesiveness. This study provides an in-depth view of the role of the coach in managing national parasport teams by incorporating multiple perspectives from three teams around the world.

The purpose of this study was to explore interpretations and implications of head coaches ' use of humour in three national Paralympic teams from the perspective of athletes and integrated support staff. We conducted six focus groups with 19 Paralympic athletes and individual interviews with 10 support staff members across the teams. Our reflexive thematic analysis resulted in two overarching themes that helped us understand how humour influenced feelings of psychological safety in the team environment, as well as considerations or challenges with using humour as a coaching strategy, including miscommunication or misunderstanding. Relational awareness, emotional intelligence, and effective communication were identified as important coaching competencies to consider when implementing humour as a leadership behaviour, particularly in an environment where power differentials of status and disability were present. The study was among the first to explore interpretations and implications of humour as a coaching strategy from athletes and staff in the high-performance parasport context. Coaches who implement humour within their environments are encouraged to reflect on the receivers of the interaction and how to maximise the facilitative rather than debilitative functions of humour as a "double-edged sword" to ultimately promote team satisfaction, well-being, and success.

BACKGROUND: Patients diagnosed with pancreatic, biliary tract, and liver cancer often suffer from a progressive loss of muscle mass. Given the considerable functional impairments in these patients, high musculoskeletal weight loads may not be well tolerated by all individuals. The use of blood-flow restricted resistance training (BFR-T) which only requires low training loads may allow for a faster recovery of muscle due to avoidance of high levels of mechanical muscle stress associated with high-load resistance exercise. This study aims to investigate whether BFR-T can prevent or slow down the loss of skeletal muscle mass and enhance the functional capacity and mental health of patients with pancreatic, biliary tract, and liver cancer.

METHODS: The PREV-Ex exercise trial is a multicenter two-armed randomized controlled trial. Patients will be randomized to an exercise program consisting of home-based low-load BFR-T during a combined pre- and postoperative period for a total of 6-10 weeks (prehabilitation and rehabilitation), or to a control group. Protein supplementation will be given to both groups to ensure adequate protein intake. The primary outcomes, skeletal muscle thickness and muscle cross-sectional area, will be assessed by ultrasound. Secondary outcomes include the following: (i) muscle catabolism-related and inflammatory bio-markers (molecular characteristics will be assessed from a vastus lateralis biopsy and blood samples will be obtained from a sub-sample of patients); (ii) patient-reported outcome measures (self-reported fatigue, health-related quality of life, and nutritional status will be assessed through validated questionnaires); (iii) physical fitness/performance/activity (validated tests will be used to evaluate physical function, cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal isometric muscle strength. Physical activity and sedentary behavior (assessed using an activity monitor); (iv) clinical outcomes: hospitalization rates and blood status will be recorded from the patients' medical records; (v) explorative outcomes of patients' experience of the exercise program which will be evaluated using focus group/individual interviews.

DISCUSSION: It is worthwhile to investigate new strategies that have the potential to counteract the deterioration of skeletal muscle mass, muscle function, strength, and physical function, all of which have debilitating consequences for patients with pancreatic, biliary tract, and liver cancer. The expected findings could improve prognosis, help patients stay independent for longer, and possibly reduce treatment-related costs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05044065. Registered on September 14, 2021.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to get an insight into how boys' soccer academies work to develop their players aged 14-19 years, focusing on how the coaches plan, what exercises they use and how they work with goal setting. Our questions are as follows:

- How do football academies develop their players aged 14-19 years?

- What forms of exercises and training arrangements do the trainers use and why?

Method

The study uses a qualitative method to collect information and to be able to answer the purpose and the questions. Three academy coaches from different clubs chose to participate.The study is based on the socio-cultural perspective on the learning.

Results

The results showed that periodization over a short period of time is used, as each week is worth the same amount. However, in the weekly cycles, periodization is used and a peak of form until match day takes place. During the exercises, SSG (small sided games) and other forms of exercises with active opponents are used very often. Goal formulation takes place both as a team and individually. There are three individual meetings between each player and the coach, where they discuss, how the player should develop.

Conclusions

The conclusion is that there are clear similarities and differences between how different football academy coaches plan the training and how they work with it. According to the academy coaches, it is important to have a development plan and that the players should be well rested on match days.

Background: Some studies suggest that elite athletes experience adverse mental health symptoms at rates commensurate with the general population, despite the well-established buffering effects of exercise. Within contact sports, such as ice-hockey, recurrent concussions may be a source of this discrepancy. We compared the point prevalence of various mental health outcomes with other athlete and general population samples, as well as investigated their relationship with concussive events.

Methods: We surveyed 648 active ice hockey players from the top two men's tiers and the top women's tier in Swedish elite ice hockey on lifetime concussive events, hazardous alcohol use, problematic social media use, depression, anxiety, and burnout.

Results: Hazardous alcohol use was more prevalent among male ice hockey players (29.5% AUDIT-C ≥ 6) compared to other athlete and general population samples, while other mental health symptoms were less common. Female ice hockey players reported higher hazardous alcohol consumption (36.4% AUDIT-C ≥ 4) than another athlete sample and more burnout (19.1%) than the general population. After adjusting for covariates, athletes with 3+ concussive events had 2.1 times the odds of elevated depressive symptoms and 3.5 times the odds of elevated burnout symptoms compared to those with no concussion history. Treating lifetime concussive events as a continuous predictor revealed positive correlations with all outcomes except for hazardous alcohol use.

Conclusions: Mental health outcome rates among active elite ice hockey athletes differ from those of other athlete and general population samples, whilst concussive events may be particularly linked to elevated symptoms of depression and burnout.

The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated numerous changes in daily life, including the cancellation and restriction of sports globally. Because sports participation contributes positively to the development of student-athletes, restricting these activities may have led to long-term mental health changes in this population. Using a repeated cross-sectional study design, we measured rates of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scale in student-athletes attending elite sport high schools in Sweden during the second wave of the pandemic (February 2021; n = 7021) and after all restrictions were lifted (February 2022; n = 6228). Depression among student-athletes decreased from 19.8% in 2021 to 17.8% in 2022 (p = .008, V = .026), while anxiety screening did not change significantly (17.4% to 18.4%, p > .05). Comparisons between classes across years revealed older students exhibited decreases in depressive symptoms, while younger cohorts experienced increases in symptoms of anxiety from 2021 to 2022. Logistic regressions revealed that being female, reporting poorer mental health due to COVID-19, and excessive worry over one's career in sports were significant predictors of both depression and anxiety screenings in 2022. Compared to times when sports participation was limited, the lifting of restrictions was associated with overall reduced levels of depression, but not anxiety.

Syfte

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns någon skillnad i förekomsten av riskfaktorer för Patellar Tendinopati (PT) mellan volleybollspelande ungdomar med PT och utan PT.

Metod

Målpopulationen som valdes i studien var 59 elever på volleyboll Riksidrottsgymnasiet. Eleverna var mellan 15 och 19 år. Den elektroniska webbenkäten bestod av 43 frågor uppdelade i 3 huvudområden; icke-träningsrelaterade variabler, träningsrelaterade variabler, och psykologiska variabler användes. Oberoende T-test och Mann-Whitney U-test användes för analys av skillnaden mellan gruppen av individer drabbade av PT (PTG) och kontrollgrupp (KG).

Resultat

Av alla deltagare som svarat på enkäten led 40 % av PT. Resultatet från enkäten visar att det finns skillnader mellan PTG och KG för faktorerna; BMI (PTG=23,1 ± 1,5 jämfört med KG= 21,7 ± 2.1, P=0,01), vikt (PTG=78,81 ± 6,5, KG= 71,6 ± 10,7, P=0,01), brist på återhämtning och sömn (P=0,001), acceptansen av smärta som en del av elitidrott (P=0,006), samt deltagarnas inställning att träna trots smärta (P=0,006). Resultatet visar ingen skillnad mellan PT-gruppen och kontrollgruppen med avseende på träningsrelaterade variabler.

Slutsats

BMI, vikt, brist på sömn, acceptansen av smärta samt deltagarnas inställning att träna trots smärta är riskfaktorer som skiljer sig mellan volleybollspelande elever drabbade av PT och elever som inte är drabbade av PT.

Syfte & Frågeställning

Studiens syfte var att ta reda på gymnasters beskrivning av trygga idrottsmiljöer, samt deras rekommendationer för att uppnå trygga idrottsmiljöer. Frågeställningarna var: Hur beskriver gymnaster trygghet? Hur beskriver gymnaster en trygg idrottsmiljö? Vilka rekommendationer ger gymnaster till tränare, gymnaster, föräldrar, organisationsledare och Svenska Gymnastikförbundet för att uppnå trygga idrottsmiljöer? Vilka rekommendationer ges i litteratur och tidigare forskning som kan kopplas till gymnasternas rekommendationer?

Metod

Studien är kvalitativ och har genomförts via intervjuer. Sex aktiva eller före detta elitgymnaster mellan 17–27 år deltog i studien, från disciplinerna manlig artistisk gymnastik, kvinnlig artistisk gymnastik, rytmisk gymnastik och truppgymnastik. Intervjuguiden skrevs utifrån input från Svenska Gymnastikförbundet. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades. Analysen var en blandning av induktiv och deduktiv.

Resultat

Resultatet visade en beskrivning av otrygga och trygga idrottsmiljöer. Deltagarna beskrev att i en trygg miljö kan man vara sig själv, man är inte ensam och man har en god kommunikation. I en otrygg miljö är man rädd för att misslyckas och att vara sig själv. Fem huvudteman framkom utifrån intervjuerna; rekommendationer till tränare, till gymnaster, till föräldrar, till organisationsledare och till Svenska Gymnastikförbundet.

Slutsats

Resultatet visade att tränare upplevdes vara de som hade störst påverkan på att skapa en trygg idrottsmiljö. Resultatet visade även att det upplevs vara Svenska Gymnastikförbundet som har störst ansvar för att visa vad som accepteras inom gymnastik och vilken kultur man vill skapa. Det anses även vara deras ansvar att få fler gymnaster att vilja hålla på med gymnastik längre, och att välbefinnande ska prioriteras framför att nå prestation och resultat, för att skapa en tryggare idrottsmiljö.  

As a part of the discussion about how movement knowledge is valued in physical education teacher education (PETE), issues of assessment have been brought to the fore. Studies have shown that how and when movement knowledge is assessed is strongly culturally dependent and based different epistemological orientations. The aim of this paper is to analyse and discuss how preservice teachers in Sweden perceive assessment in an invasion games course according to the games performance assessment instrument (GPAI). The empirical material presented in this study is based on a web-survey carried out at the end of the invasion games course where the participants were asked to write comments of how the experienced GPAI and its relevance in school physical education. The findings suggest that the preservice teacher experience prediction and measurement of appropriate and non-appropriate behaviours in GPAI as problematic from a didactic perspective. The ideas of "correctness" and "appropriateness", which are fundamental in GPAI, is discussed in the relation to the socially critical constructivist epistemology that underpins Swedish PETE.

Although sport psychology practitioners and researchers acknowledge the importance of continued professional development (CPD) for professional effectiveness and excellence, few studies have explored the influence of CPD activities on the practitioners' practice and thinking. This study examined qualified Swedish sport psychology practitioners' experiences of engaging in a CPD program and how it impacted their professional development. The Swedish Sports Confederation offers a CPD program that targets performance enhancement services and psychotherapy for sport psychology practitioners. We explored the influence of this CPD program on the professional development of 13 graduates (five females; age in years: M = 41.2, SD = 8.3) via semi-structured interviews. Our stance involved a realist ontology and constructionist epistemology. We followed the six-step Reflexive Thematic Analysis procedures to analyze data. We identified four themes of CPD: (1) Critique (participants decided to do the CPD program because of perceived gaps in their knowledge and skills), (2) Change (participants discussed several changes as a result of the CPD program), (3) Context (participants discussed the aspects of the CPD program that promoted change), and (4) Challenge (participants mentioned issues related to having completed the program). The study provides insights into the value of CPD activities for sport psychology practitioners, advances current knowledge on practitioner maturation, and illustrates how CPD fits within a practitioner's lifelong learning. Future research could investigate the professional development of mid-career sport psychology practitioners engaging in other CPD programs to confirm or extend this work.

IntroductionAlthough sport psychology practitioners acknowledge the benefits of continued professional development (CPD), few studies have explored the influence of such activities on the practitioners’ practice and thinking (Quarteroli et al., 2021). This study aimed to examine qualified sport psychology practitioners’ experiences engaging in a CPD program and how it impacted their professional development.MethodsThe Swedish Sports Confederation offers a CPD programme that targets performance enhancement services and psychotherapy for sport psychology practitioners. We explored the influence of this CPD program on the professional development of thirteen graduates (five female; age in years: M = 41.2, SD = 8.3) via semi-structured interviews. Our stance involved a realist ontology and constructionist epistemology (Elder-Vass, 2012). We followed the six-step reflexive thematic analysis procedures to analyze data (Braun et al., 2019).ResultsFour themes of CPD emerged: (1) Critique (participants decided to do the CPD course because of perceived gaps in their knowledge and skills), (2) Change (participants discussed changes they experienced as a result of the course), (3) Context (participants discussed the aspects of the CPD course that helped them change), and (4) Challenge (participants mentioned issues related to having completed the course).DiscussionThe study provides insights into the value of CPD education for sport psychology practitioners, helps bolster confidence in current knowledge on practitioner maturation and illustrates how CPD fits within a practitioner’s lifelong learning. Future research could investigate the professional development of other mid-career sport psychology practitioners to confirm or extend this work.

The purpose of this scoping review was to provide a broad overview of the literature pertaining to parasport coaches, including information regarding the size and scope of research, the populations and perspectives obtained, and the type of methods used to conduct the research. Data were collected and analyzed using a six-stage framework for conducting scoping reviews. The results revealed that the majority of articles were based on interviews, and an overwhelming majority of the participants were men coaching at the high-performance level in North America. Three of the most frequent topics were becoming a parasport coach, being a parasport coach, and having general parasport coaching knowledge. Articles ranged in date from 1991 to 2018, with 70% of empirical articles published from 2014 onward, indicating an emerging interest in this field of research. This review has the potential to advance the science and practice of parasport coaching at all levels.

This feature article is the authors’ popular summary, written exclusively for idrottsforum.org, of the original article published online in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, Issue 1, Volume 38, 2021

It is common in elite sport to monitor athletes' training load, injuries and illnesses, but mental distress is rarely included. An improved understanding of the epidemiology of mental distress among elite Para athletes and how their coaches perceive such monitoring would allow us to better develop and implement preventive measures. The purpose of this study was therefore to (1) prospectively describe elite Para athletes' mental distress, before, during and after the Beijing Paralympic Games (Paralympics Games 22 = PG22); and to (2) gain a better understanding of if and potentially how awareness of athletes' mental distress changed, through weekly monitoring, and influenced how coachers perceive athletes' mental distress and if they accounted for this before, during and after PG22. A mixed-method study design was used, in which prospective mental distress (depression and anxiety) data were collected weekly from 13 [Swedish] elite Para athletes in preparation, during and after PG22. Data were screened and evaluated weekly by a physiotherapist and a sports psychologist, and coaches also received weekly reports. A focus-group interview with the coaches were conducted post Paralympics to address coaches' awareness about mental distress and athlete health monitoring in Parasport. For data analyses, descriptive statistics was used for the quantitative data and a content analysis was conducted for the qualitative data. The results reveled the following proportion of datapoints indicating symptoms of anxiety and depression: before PG22 (15.8 and 19.1%); during PG22 (47.6 and 38.2%); and after PG22 (0 and 11.8%). The qualitative results indicated that coaches perceived athlete health monitoring as helpful for increasing their awareness of mental distress, and as a useful tool to initiate support for their athletes as well as improving their coaching. In summary, this cohort of elite Para athletes reported a high proportion of mental distress during the Winter Paralympic Games in Beijing. The results also show that it is important and feasible to monitor Para athletes' mental distress to detect and manage early symptoms of mental distress.

BACKGROUND: The evaluative nature of high performance (HP) sport fosters performance expectations that can be associated with harsh scrutiny, criticism, and job insecurity. In this context, (HP) sport is described as a highly competitive, complex, and turbulent work environment. The aim of this longitudinal, quantitative study was to explore whether HP coaches' perceptions of job insecurity and job value incongruence in relation to work would predict their psychological well- and ill-being over time.

METHODS: HP coaches (n = 299) responded to an electronic questionnaire at the start, middle, and end of a competitive season, designed to measure the following: job insecurity, values, psychological well-being (vitality and satisfaction with work), and psychological ill-being (exhaustion and cynicism). Structural equation model analyses were conducted using Mplus.

RESULTS: Experiencing higher levels of job insecurity during the middle of the season significantly predicted an increase in coaches' psychological ill-being, and a decrease in their psychological well-being at the end of the season. However, value incongruence did not have a significant longitudinal impact.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings cumulatively indicate that coaches' perceptions of job insecurity matter to their psychological health at work. Consequently, it is recommended that coaches and organizations acknowledge and discuss how to handle job security within the HP sport context.

Syfte och frågeställning

Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka elever som blir antagna till Nationellt godkändidrottsutbildning (NIU), och vilka faktorer som har varit avgörande för deras val av idrottsprofilerad utbildning. De frågeställningar som studien svarar på är:

● Vilken bakgrund har eleverna som blir antagna till NIU?

● Varför har eleverna sökt till NIU?

● Hur kan elevernas bakgrund förstås utifrån Bourdieus habitusbegrepp?

Metod

Studiens metod är enkäter för att nå en generaliserad bild av vilka elever som har sökt till NIU. Enkäterna genomfördes på två skolor i Stockholms län, Tibble gymnasium och Midsommarkransens gymnasium. Studien utgår från det teoretiska begreppet habitus som Pierre Bourdieu har utvecklat.

Resultat

Studiens resultat visar att majoriteten av individerna som söker till NIU är uppväxta i en kärnfamilj, boende i villa eller radhus och med vårdnadshavare som har akademiskutbildning. Individen debuterar i en idrottsförening och börjar utöva sin valda huvudidrott vid sex års ålder, samt en specialisering sker vid cirka 12 års ålder. Individen har också utövat spontanidrott och ägnat sig åt fler än en idrott utöver sin huvudidrott under uppväxten och upplevt ett engagemang från vårdnadshavare. Främsta motivet till att eleverna har sökt till NIU är att utvecklas och att nå elit inom sin idrott.

Slutsats

Slutsatsen av studien är att individer som blir antagna till NIU är en homogen grupp och har ett starkt idrottshabitus. Merparten av eleverna har gemensamma bakgrundsfaktorer som kännetecknar en god socioekonomisk position. Studien uppmärksammar att individer kan exkluderas och detta ser vi som problematiskt då det inte går i linje med Riksidrottsförbundets “Strategi 2025”.

Syfte och frågeställningar

Denna uppsats ämnar undersöka om det finns någon skillnad mellan upplevd sömn och upplevt psykiskt välmående hos elever som går NIU gymnasium jämfört med elever som inte går NIU.

-  Skiljer sig sömnvanorna åt mellan elever på NIU och elever som inte går på NIU?

-  Finns de någon skillnad i upplevt psykiskt mående hos elever på NIU jämfört med elever som inte går på NIU?-  Finns det någon korrelation mellan upplevd sömn och upplevt psykiskt välmående?

Metod

Metoden som använts för att genomföra denna studien är av kvantitativ ansats bestående av enkäter som metod för datainsamling. Totalt har 96 elever besvarat enkäterna fördelat på 55 som läser ett vanligt gymnasieprogram och 41 elever som utöver ett gymnasieprogram kombinerar sina studier med att läsa en nationellt godkänd idrottsutbildning (NIU). Dessa grupper har sedan jämförts för att se om det fanns någon skillnad i deras sömnkvalitet samt psykiska välmående.

Resultat

Resultatet visar en signifikant skillnad i sömnkvalitet mellan grupperna där den gruppen som läser NIU sover bättre än gruppen icke-NIU. Resultatet för om de skulle finnas en skillnad i upplevt psykiskt välmående mellan grupperna visar inte på en signifikant skillnad i upplevt psykiskt välmående. Resultatet visar dock på ett signifikant samband mellan att en god sömnkvalitet och ett bra upplevt psykiskt välmående påverkar varandra i en positiv riktning.

Slutsats

Slutsatsen vi kan dra utifrån vår studie är att det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna i sömnvanor men inte i upplevt psykiskt välmående. Det fanns också en signifikant korrelation mellan upplevd sömn och psykiskt välmående hos den valda populationen.

Syftet med arbetet är att klargöra bågskyttars träffbild påverkas av pilars styvhet. Frågeställningen lyder: existerar skillnader i prestation mellan tre olika grupper av pilar, varav en har avklarat ett barskaftstest och de andra är 50 spinesteg vekare respektive styvare?

Metod - För att besvara frågeställningen rekryterades fyra skyttar på distriktsnivå med en självskattadfysiologisk kapacitet att skjuta 200 pilar med en hållkraft om minst 35 pound. Ett experiment genomfördes där försökspersonerna sköt med tre olika typer av pilar, varav ensort har avklarat ett barskaftstest och de andra var 50 spinesteg vekare respektive styvare. Under experimentet var försökspersonerna blindade för pilarnas grupptillhörighet. Måltavla med träffbild fotograferades, och varje pils koordinater togs fram. Genomsnittligt avståndfrån medelposition (x- respektive y-axel samt totalt avstånd) beräknades med hjälp av koordinaterna för varje pilsort. Därefter analyserades spridningen från medelposition statistiskt, både inter- och intrapersonellt.

Resultat - Inget av de utförda testen gav signifikant utslag.

Slutsats - Detta arbete kunde inte påvisa en trimningseffekt vid moderata skillnader i styvhet. Metodologiska betänkligheter leder till att fortsatt framtida forskning är att rekommendera.

The aim of this study was to find out how leaders in youth ice hockey in Sweden feel about dropouts, what the reason for dropouts are and how the leaders act to make the players stay in the team.

Five experienced leaders in youth ice hockey in different clubs in Sweden were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. The answers were analyzed based on three theoretical frameworks; KASAM, Self-determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory.

The study shows that the leaders want to keep the players in the team and have talks with those who have thoughts about leaving the team to find out reasons for this, including possible wishes for changes in the teamwork.

The leaders have found that the players have different reasons for their decision to leave the team such as a new stage in life with new mates and new interests or lack of feeling competent enough. Many leaders mention that the yearly selection of players to a big competition in Sweden for 15-year-old players make those, who are not selected, feel less competent.

The leaders work according to guidelines from the Swedish Ice Hockey Association with a transformative leadership style to foster competence, relatedness and autonomy.

The conclusion is that the leaders want to keep the players and that there are various reasons for dropouts including other interests and lack of competence. If a player shows interest to dropout the leaders try to keep them but if the player persists in leaving this is respected by the leaders.

The leaders strive towards a safe and secure environment in the team and foster competence, relatedness and autonomy.

CONTEXT: Muscle fiber composition is associated with peripheral insulin action.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether extreme differences in muscle fiber composition are associated with alterations in peripheral insulin action and secretion in young, healthy subjects who exhibit normal fasting glycemia and insulinemia.

METHODS: Relaxation time following a tetanic contraction was used to identify subjects with a high or low expression of type I muscle fibers: group I (n=11), area occupied by type I muscle fibers = 61.0 ± 11.8%; group II (n=8), type I area = 36.0 ± 4.9% (P<0.001). Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle and analyzed for mitochondrial respiration on permeabilized fibers, muscle fiber composition and capillary density. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed and indices of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and secretion were determined.

RESULTS: Glucose tolerance was similar between groups, whereas whole-body insulin sensitivity was decreased by ~50% in group II vs group I (P=0.019). First phase insulin release (area under the insulin curve during 10 min after glucose infusion) was increased by almost 4-fold in group II vs I (P=0.01). Whole-body insulin sensitivity was correlated with % area occupied by type I fibers (r=0.54; P=0.018) and capillary density in muscle (r=0.61; P=0.005), but not with mitochondrial respiration. Insulin release was strongly related to % area occupied by type II fibers (r=0.93; P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of muscle contractile function in young healthy subjects may prove useful in identifying individuals with insulin resistance and enhanced glucose stimulated insulin secretion prior to onset of clinical manifestations.

There is a debate on whether lipid-mediated insulin resistance derives from an increased or decreased capacity of muscle to oxidize fats. Here we examine the involvement of muscle fiber composition in the metabolic responses to a 3-day fast (starvation, which results in increases in plasma lipids and insulin resistance) in two groups of healthy young subjects: 1, area occupied by type I fibers = 61.0 ± 11.8%; 2, type I area = 36.0 ± 4.9% (P<0.001). Muscle biopsies and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed after an overnight fast and after starvation. Biopsies were analyzed for muscle fiber composition and mitochondrial respiration. Indices of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were determined. Glucose tolerance was similar in both groups after an overnight fast and deteriorated to a similar degree in both groups after starvation. In contrast, whole-body insulin sensitivity decreased markedly after starvation in group 1 (P<0.01), whereas the decrease in group 2 was substantially smaller (P=0.06). Non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate levels in plasma after an overnight fast were similar between groups and increased markedly and comparably in both groups after starvation, demonstrating similar degrees of lipid load. The capacity of permeabilized muscle fibers to oxidize lipids was significantly higher in group 1 vs. 2, whereas there was no significant difference in pyruvate oxidation between groups. The data demonstrate that loss of whole-body insulin sensitivity after short-term starvation is a function of muscle fiber composition and is associated with an elevated rather than a diminished capacity of muscle to oxidize lipids.

Phosphorylase is one of the most carefully studied proteins in history, but knowledge of its regulation during intense muscle contraction is incomplete. Tyrosine nitration of purified preparations of skeletal muscle phosphorylase results in inactivation of the enzyme and this is prevented by antioxidants. Whether an altered redox state affects phosphorylase activity and glycogenolysis in contracting muscle is not known. Here, we investigate the role of redox state in control of phosphorylase and glycogenolysis in isolated mouse fast-twitch (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and slow-twitch (soleus) muscle preparations during repeated contractions. Exposure of crude muscle extracts to H₂O₂ had little effect on phosphorylase activity. However, exposure of extracts to peroxynitrite (ONOO^-), a nitrating/oxidizing agent, resulted in complete inactivation of phosphorylase (half maximal inhibition at ~200 µM ONOO^-), which was fully reversed by the presence of an ONOO^-scavanger, dithiothreitol (DTT). Incubation of isolated muscles with ONOO^- resulted in nitration of phosphorylase and marked inhibition of glycogenolysis during repeated contractions. ONOO^- also resulted in large decreases in high-energy phosphates (ATP and phosphocreatine) in the rested state and following repeated contractions. These metabolic changes were associated with decreased force production during repeated contractions (to ~60% of control). In contrast, repeated contractions did not result in nitration of phosphorylase, nor did DTT or the general antioxidant N-acetylcysteine alter glycogenolysis during repeated contractions. These findings demonstrate that ONOO^- inhibits phosphorylase and glycogenolysis in living muscle under extreme conditions. However, nitration does not play a significant role in control of phosphorylase and glycogenolysis during repeated contractions.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a risk factor for the development of several major metabolic diseases. Muscle fiber composition is established early in life and is associated with insulin sensitivity. Hence, muscle fiber composition was used to identify early defects in the development of IR in healthy young individuals in the absence of clinical manifestations. Biopsies were obtained from the thigh muscle, followed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Indices of insulin action were calculated and cardiovascular measurements, analyses of blood and muscle were performed. Whole-body insulin sensitivity (SI_galvin) was positively related to expression of type I muscle fibers (r=0.49; P<0.001) and negatively related to resting heart rate (HR, r=-0.39; P<0.001), which was also negatively related to expression of type I muscle fibers (r=-0.41; P<0.001). Muscle protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), whose activation results in vasodilation, was measured in two subsets of subjects expressing a high percentage of type I fibers (59±6%; HR = 57±9 beats/min; SI_galvin = 1.8±0.7 units) or low percentage of type I fibers (30±6%; HR = 71±11; SI_galvin = 0.8±0.3 units; P<0.001 for all variables vs. first group). eNOS expression was: 1. higher in subjects with high type I expression; 2. almost two-fold higher in pools of type I vs. II fibers; 3. only detected in capillaries surrounding muscle fibers; and 4. linearly associated with SI_galvin. These data demonstrate that an altered function of the autonomic nervous system and a compromised capacity for vasodilation in the microvasculature occur early in the development of IR.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a public health emergency of international concern, which may have affected lifestyle habits and mental health. Based on national health profile assessments, this study investigated perceived changes of lifestyle habits in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and associations between perceived lifestyle changes and mental health in Swedish working adults. Among 5599 individuals (50% women, 46.3 years), the majority reported no change (sitting 77%, daily physical activity 71%, exercise 69%, diet 87%, alcohol 90%, and smoking 97%) due to the pandemic. Changes were more pronounced during the first wave (April–June) compared to the second (October–December). Women, individuals &lt;60 years, those with a university degree, white-collar workers, and those with unhealthy lifestyle habits at baseline had higher odds of changing lifestyle habits compared to their counterparts. Negative changes in lifestyle habits and more time in a mentally passive state sitting at home were associated with higher odds of mental ill-health (including health anxiety regarding one’s own and relatives’ health, generalized anxiety and depression symptoms, and concerns regarding employment and economy). The results emphasize the need to support healthy lifestyle habits to strengthen the resilience in vulnerable groups of individuals to future viral pandemics and prevent health inequalities in society.

ABSTRACT: This study described bicycling (C-classes) and tricycling (T-classes) performance in International Cycling Federation road race events between 2011 and 2019. A total of 3,243 race results from 33 events were analyzed. Race velocity was calculated for each result. Bicycling and tricycling data were separately modelled using a linear mixed-effects model. Bicycling velocity was statistically different between all adjacent men's classes (Cohen's d = 0.14 to 0.73), and between the women's C1 and C2 (d = 1.15), and C3 and C4 (d = 0.48) classes. The absence of statistical differences between some women's bicycling classes may be due to a limited number of observations in these classifications. As expected, velocity was statistically different between men's (d = 1.64) and women's (d = 1.38) T1 and T2 classes. Road race performance was hierarchical within the disciplines of bicycling and tricycling, although not all adjacent women's bicycling classes were statistically different. The existence of a performance hierarchy does not necessarily validate the classification system. The integration of information regarding athlete impairment type and severity, with performance data, would provide greater insight into the validity of the classification system, and should be prioritized as an area of future research.

Mike at 49 years old is an experienced professional in the field of sport psychology. He holds a dual position as a part-time mental performance consultant and teaching sport psychology as adjunct faculty at a local college. Upon graduation, Mike ended his running career and decided to pursue graduate studies in the United States in applied sport psychology – an emerging professional field internationally. Being on sick leave meant that Mike was able to focus on his recovery and through counseling therapy and mindfulness exercises, he was able to gradually overcome his acute burnout episode. Fellow professionals attending the session thanked Mike for sharing his personal experiences so openly. Several acknowledged that they share similar experiences. Reflecting on the session, the topic of self-care, establishing professional boundaries and preventing burnout, seems to be a prevalent issue for sport psychology professionals.

Mike at 49 years old is an experienced professional in the field of sport psychology. He holds a dual position as a part-time mental performance consultant and teaching sport psychology as adjunct faculty at a local college. A strong work ethic and, at times, perfectionistic tendencies are rooted in his past as an elite athlete. He competed as a distance runner for 13 years. Upon graduation, Mike ended his running career and decided to pursue graduate studies in the United States in applied sport psychology. While flourishing professionally, his personal life had taken a toll. He got married shortly after finishing graduate school and decided to move to Europe. Things got even more challenging with his children's birth and seemed impossible for Mike to juggle the multitude of demands, and to balance time with his family with professional responsibilities. Lack of self-care became a more pressing issue in coping with the multiple demands of consulting, teaching and research. This chapter discusses Mike's story, his experiences, personality traits, situational factors, symptoms experienced, actions taken to overcome his burnout and lessons learned from the experience, and key aspects of a sport psychology professionals regarding prioritizing self-care and preventing burnout.