Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH

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Individual Musculoskeletal Characteristics of Runners and Advanced Footwear Technology
Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Physical Activity and Health.
2022 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
Abstract [en]

Background: In recent years, sudden improvements in long-distance running performance have been suggested to be due to the latest technological innovations in running footwear. However, inter-individual differences appear to be large in the performance enhancing effect these shoes elicit where some runners experience a decline in performance while others improve substantially. The reason for this is not yet fully understood but may be due to differences in anthropometric and neuromuscular characteristics between runners.

Aim: The aim of this thesis was to investigate the association between individual anthropometrical and neuromuscular characteristics of runners with changes in running mechanics while wearing these new generation shoes.

Method: Eight male endurance runners performed four different testing protocols during one single visit. These consisted of an anthropometrical protocol where measurements of height, weight, leg length and Achilles tendon moment arm length were determined; a jumping protocol where vertical stiffness and eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) were recorded using a force platform; a running protocol where contact time, step length, ankle propulsive power and knee absorption power were measured using a force platform and a 12-camera motion analysis system; and finally a force-velocity protocol where each participant performed calf raises and back squats with incremental loads in a smith machine while barbell velocity was simultaneously recorded. The collected data were then statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient.

Results: Greater peak power in the back squat was associated with a greater reduction in peak knee absorption power (r = -0,905, p = 0,005) and less vertical stiffness during jumping was associated with longer step lengths with the advanced footwear technology (AFT) shoes (r = -0,738, p = 0,046). No associations were found between vertical stiffness during jumping and contact time, EUR with step length and contact time, peak power in the calf raise and Achilles tendon moment arm with peak ankle propulsive power.

Conclusion: Runners with less vertical stiffness in the lower limb during jumping exhibited greater step length increase with AFT shoes. This may be due to the spring-like behavior the shoes possess. However, the larger step length increases the demands on lower limb strength and runners with less power in the lower limb may increase their knee absorption power during ground contact, leading to potentially less efficient running mechanics. Those with greater power in the lower limb may, on the other hand, run more efficiently by decreasing their knee absorption power leading to less muscular effort.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: De senaste årens förbättringar inom långdistanslöpning har föreslagits bero på de teknologiska framstegen som gjorts inom löparskokonstruktion. Det verkar emellertid finnas en skillnad i den prestationshöjande effekt som dessa skor framkallar, där vissa löpare upplever en försämring medan andra förbättras avsevärt. Orsaken till detta är fortsatt okänt men kan ha att göra med skillnader i antropometriska och neuromuskulära egenskaper mellan löpare.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka sambandet mellan individuella antropometriska och neuromuskulära egenskaper hos löpare med förändringar i löpmekanik som dessa nya generationens skor framkallar.Metod: Åtta manliga långdistanslöpare utförde fyra olika testprotokoll under ett enda besök. Dessa bestod av ett antropometriskt protokoll där längd, vikt, benlängd och momentarmslängd av Akillessenan mättes; ett hopprotokoll där vertikal styvhet och EUR registrerades med hjälp av en kraftplatta; ett löpprotokoll där kontakttid, steglängd, fotledskraft och knäledskraft mättes med hjälp av kraftplattor och ett rörelseanalyssystem med 12 kameror; och slutligen ett kraft-hastighetsprotokoll där varje deltagare utförde tåhävningar och knäböj med stigande belastning i en smith-maskin medan skivstångshastighet samtidigt registrerades. Den insamlade data analyserades därefter med Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test och Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient.

Resultat: Högre peak power i benböj var associerat med en större minskning av maximal knäabsorptions power (r = -0,905, p = 0,005) och mindre vertikal styvhet under vertikalhopp var associerad med längre steglängd med AFT-skorna (r = -0,738, p = 0,046). Inget samband hittades mellan vertikal styvhet under vertikalhopp och kontakttid, EUR med steglängd och kontakttid, maximal power i tåhävningar och hälsenans momentarm med maximal propulsionspower i fotleden.

Konklusion: Löpare med mindre vertikal styvhet i de nedre extremiteten under vertikalhopp uppvisade större steglängdsökning med AFT-skor. Detta kan bero på det fjäderliknande beteende skorna har. Den längre steglängden ökar dock kraven på styrkan i den nedre extremiteten och löpare med mindre kraft, har potentiell ökad knäabsorptions power under markkontakt vilket kan resultera i en mindre effektiv löpmekanik. De med bättre kraftutveckling i de nedre extremiteten kan däremot potentiellt springa mer effektivt med dessa nya generationens skor genom en minskning i knäabsorptions power vilket i sin tur leder till mindre muskulär ansträngning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022.
Series
Examensarbete ; 2022:47
Keywords [en]
Advanced Footwear Technology, AFT, Running Mechanics, Anthropometry, Neuromuscular Characteristics, Sports Equipment
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-7371OAI: oai:DiVA.org:gih-7371DiVA, id: diva2:1708239
Educational program
Master programme
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2022-11-03 Created: 2022-11-03 Last updated: 2022-11-03Bibliographically approved

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