Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH

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Petré, H., Psilander, N. & Rosdahl, H. (2023). Between-Session Reliability of Strength- and Power-Related Variables Obtained during Isometric Leg Press and Countermovement Jump in Elite Female Ice Hockey Players.. Sports, 11(5), Article ID 96.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Between-Session Reliability of Strength- and Power-Related Variables Obtained during Isometric Leg Press and Countermovement Jump in Elite Female Ice Hockey Players.
2023 (English)In: Sports, E-ISSN 2075-4663, Vol. 11, no 5, article id 96Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Isometric leg press (ILP) and countermovement jump (CMJ) are commonly used to obtain strength- and power-related variables with important implications for health maintenance and sports performance. To enable the identification of true changes in performance with these measurements, the reliability must be known. This study evaluates the between-session reliability of strength- and power-related measures obtained from ILP and CMJ. Thirteen female elite ice hockey players (21.5 ± 5.1 years; 66.3 ± 8.0 kg) performed three maximal ILPs and CMJs on two different occasions. Variables from the ILP (peak force and peak rate of force development) and CMJ (peak power, peak force, peak velocity, and peak jump height) were obtained. The results were reported using the best trial, an average of the two best trials, or an average of three trials. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were high (ICC > 0.97; CV < 5.2%) for all outcomes. The CV for the CMJ (1.5-3.2%) was lower than that for the ILP (3.4-5.2%). There were no differences between reporting the best trial, an average of the two best trials, or an average of the three trials for the outcomes. ILP and CMJ are highly reliable when examining strength- and power-related variables in elite female ice hockey players.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
Keywords
fatigue, injury prevention, isometric peak force, performance, reproducibility
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-7663 (URN)10.3390/sports11050096 (DOI)000997052400001 ()37234052 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2023-06-26 Created: 2023-06-26 Last updated: 2024-03-15
Petré, H., Ovendal, A., Westblad, N., ten Siethoff, L., Rosdahl, H. & Psilander, N. (2023). Effect of the Intrasession Exercise Order of Flywheel Resistance and High-Intensity Interval Training on Maximal Strength and Power Performance in Elite Team-Sport Athletes.. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37(12), 2389-2396
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of the Intrasession Exercise Order of Flywheel Resistance and High-Intensity Interval Training on Maximal Strength and Power Performance in Elite Team-Sport Athletes.
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, ISSN 1064-8011, E-ISSN 1533-4287, Vol. 37, no 12, p. 2389-2396Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of intrasession exercise order of maximal effort flywheel resistance training (RT; 436 repetitions [rep]) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 2–438 rep of 20 second at 130% of Watt atV̇O2max [wV̇O2max]), on the development of maximal strength and power in elite team-sport athletes. A 7-week training intervention involving 2 training sessions per week of either HIIT followed by RT (HIIT + RT, n 5 8), RT followed by HIIT (RT + HIIT, n 5 8), or RTalone (RT, n 5 7) was conducted in 23 elite male bandy players (24.7 6 4.3 years). Power and work were continuously measured during the flywheel RT. Isometric squat strength (ISq), countermovement jump, squat jump, and V̇O2max were measured before and after the training period. Power output during training differed between the groups (p 5 0.013, h2p5 0.365) with RT producing more power than HIIT + RT (p 5 0.005). ISq improved following RT + HIIT (;80%, d 5 2.10, p 5 0.001) and following HIIT + RT(;40%, d 5 1.64, p 5 0.005), and RT alone (;70%, d 5 1.67, p 5 0.004). V̇O2max increased following RT + HIIT and HIIT + RT(;10%, d51.98, p50.001 resp. d52.08, p50.001). HIIT before RT reduced power output during RT in elite team-sport athletes but did not lead to blunted development of maximal strength or power after a 7-week training period. During longer training periods(.7-weeks), it may be advantageous to schedule RT before HIIT because the negative effect of HIIT + RT on training quality increased during the final weeks of training. In addition, the largest training effect on maximal strength was observed following RT +HIIT.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wolters Kluwer, 2023
Keywords
divergent training, interference effect, flywheel training, concurrent training sequence, concurrent training order
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-7723 (URN)10.1519/JSC.0000000000004556 (DOI)001110248000003 ()37389921 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2023-08-21 Created: 2023-08-21 Last updated: 2024-03-15
Olsson, K. S., Rosdahl, H. & Schantz, P. (2022). Interchangeability and optimization of heart rate methods for estimating oxygen uptake in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running.. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 22(1), Article ID 55.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interchangeability and optimization of heart rate methods for estimating oxygen uptake in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running.
2022 (English)In: BMC Medical Research Methodology, E-ISSN 1471-2288, Vol. 22, no 1, article id 55Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: The heart rate (HR) method enables estimating oxygen uptake (V̇O2) in physical activities. However, there is a paucity in knowledge about the interchangeability of this method when applied to cycling, walking and running. Furthermore, with the aim of optimization, there is a need to compare different models for establishing HR-V̇O2 relationships.

METHODS: Twenty-four physically active individuals (12 males and 12 females) participated. For each participant, two models of HR-V̇O2 relationships were individually established in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running. Model 1 consisted of five submaximal workloads, whereas model 2 included also a maximal workload. Linear regression equations were used to estimate V̇O2 at seven intensity levels ranging between 25 and 85% of heart rate reserve (HRR). The estimated V̇O2 levels were compared between the exercise modalities and models, as well as with data from a previous study.

RESULTS: A high level of resemblance in estimated V̇O2 was noted between running and cycling as well as between running and walking, with both model 1 and model 2. When comparing walking and cycling, the V̇O2 levels for given intensities of %HRR were frequently slightly higher in walking with both models (range of significant differences: 5-12%). The variations of the estimated individual V̇O2 values were reduced when using model 2 compared to model 1, both between and within the exercise modalities.

CONCLUSION: The HR method is optimized by more workloads and wider ranges. This leads to overall high levels of interchangeability when HR methods are applied in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central, 2022
Keywords
Ergometer cycling, Heart rate, Heart rate method, Oxygen uptake, Running, Walking
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences Physiology
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-7004 (URN)10.1186/s12874-022-01524-w (DOI)000761480900004 ()35220936 (PubMedID)
Projects
FAAP
Available from: 2022-03-15 Created: 2022-03-15 Last updated: 2024-01-17
Rosén, J. S., Arndt, A., Nilsson, J., Rosdahl, H., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. & Bjerkefors, A. (2022). Kinematic and kinetic performance variables during paddling among para-kayak athletes with unilateral above or below knee amputation. Sports Biomechanics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinematic and kinetic performance variables during paddling among para-kayak athletes with unilateral above or below knee amputation
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2022 (English)In: Sports Biomechanics, ISSN 1476-3141, E-ISSN 1752-6116Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

In para-kayak, athletes with unilateral above knee amputation (AK) and athletes with below knee amputation (BK) compete in the same class. This has been questioned since previous research have shown that the legs are important for paddling performance. The purpose was therefore to examine differences in kinematic and kinetic performance variables between AK and BK para-kayak athletes and the amputated (A) and non-amputated (NA) sides. Eleven AK and six BK athletes on international level participated. 3D kinematic and kinetic data were collected for the body, seat, footrest and paddle during kayak ergometer paddling. There were no significant differences between the groups in main performance variables such as power output or paddle force. Differences between the groups were only seen in the hip joint in flexion range of motion, flexion and extension angular velocity and flexion moment where BK demonstrated larger values. The NA side demonstrated greater values compared to the A side in posterior force at the seat and in hip flexion moment. As there were no significant differences between the groups in the majority of the examined key performance variables, the results suggest that athletes with unilateral AK and BK amputation may be able to compete in the same class.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2022
Keywords
Paracanoe, classification, impairment, kayak, paralympics
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6850 (URN)10.1080/14763141.2022.2067074 (DOI)000794314300001 ()35475681 (PubMedID)
Funder
Swedish National Centre for Research in Sports
Note

At the time of Johanna Rosen's dissertation, the paper was submitted and under review.

Funded by International Canoe Federation (ICF) and Swedish Research Council for Sport Science (CIF)

Available from: 2021-11-16 Created: 2021-11-16 Last updated: 2022-06-28Bibliographically approved
Schantz, P., Olsson, K. S., Salier Eriksson, J. & Rosdahl, H. (2022). Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume, step characteristics and health outcomes in walking for transport. Frontiers In Public Health, 1-19, Article ID 911863.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume, step characteristics and health outcomes in walking for transport
2022 (English)In: Frontiers In Public Health, ISSN 2296-2565, p. 1-19, article id 911863Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Quantification of movement intensity and energy utilization, together with frequency of trips, duration, distance, step counts and cadence, is essential for interpreting the character of habitual walking for transport, and its potential support of health. The purpose of the study is to illuminate this with valid methods and novel perspectives, and to thereby provide a new basis for characterizing and interpreting walking in relation to health outcomes.

Methods: Habitual middle-aged commuting pedestrians (males = 10, females= 10) were investigated in the laboratory at rest and with maximal treadmill and cycle ergometer tests. Thereafter, levels of oxygen uptake, energy expenditure, ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate, rated perceived exertion, cadence, number of steps, duration, distance, and speed were recorded during the normal walking commute of each participant in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. The number of commutes per week over the year was self-reported.

Results: Walking in the field demanded about 30% more energy per km compared to level treadmill walking. For both sexes, the walking intensity in field was about 46% of maximal oxygen uptake, and energy expenditure amounted to 0.96 kcal · kg−1 · km−1. The MET values (males: 6.2; females:6.5) mirrored similar levels of walking speed (males: 5.7; females: 5.9 km · h−1) and levels of oxygen uptake (males: 18.6; females: 19.5mL · kg−1 · min−1). The average number of MET-hours per week in a typical month was 22 for males and 20 for females. This resulted in a total weekly energy expenditure of∼1,570 and 1,040 kcal for males and females, respectively. Over the year, the number of walking commutes and their accumulated distance was ∼385 tripsand 800 km for both sexes.

Conclusion: Walking in naturalistic field settings demands its own studies. When males and females walk to work, their relative aerobic intensities and absolute energy demands for a given distance are similar. It is equivalent to the lower part of the moderate relative intensity domain.The combination of oxygen uptake, trip duration and frequency leads to high and sustained levels of MET-hours as well as energy expenditure per week over the year, with a clear health enhancing potential. Based on this study we recommend 6000 transport steps per day, or equivalent, during five weekdays, over the year, in order to reach optimal health gains.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2022
Keywords
commuter walking, exercise intensity, energy expenditure, metabolic equivalent of task, trip duration, trip frequency, rated perceived exertion, cycling
National Category
Health Sciences Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Research subject
Medicine/Technology; Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-7153 (URN)10.3389/fpubh.2022.91186 (DOI)000883082900001 ()36339183 (PubMedID)
Projects
FAAP
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TrV 2017/63917-6522; TrV 2020/119325Region Stockholm, LS0401-0158
Available from: 2022-10-14 Created: 2022-10-14 Last updated: 2022-11-29Bibliographically approved
Klitgaard, K. K., Rosdahl, H., Brund, R. B., Hansen, J. & de Zee, M. (2021). Characterization of Leg Push Forces and Their Relationship to Velocity in On-Water Sprint Kayaking.. Sensors, 21(20), Article ID 6790.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterization of Leg Push Forces and Their Relationship to Velocity in On-Water Sprint Kayaking.
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2021 (English)In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 21, no 20, article id 6790Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this work was to describe the leg-muscle-generated push force characteristics in sprint kayak paddlers for females and males on water. Additionally, the relationship between leg pushing force characteristics and velocity was investigated. Twenty-eight paddlers participated in the study. The participants had five minutes of self-chosen warm-up and were asked to paddle at three different velocities, including maximal effort. Left- and right-side leg extension force were collected together with velocity. Linear regression analyses were performed with leg extension force characteristics as independent variables and velocity as the dependent variable. A second linear regression analysis investigated the effect of paddling velocity on different leg extension force characteristics with an explanatory model. The results showed that the leg pushing force elicits a sinus-like pattern, increasing and decreasing throughout the stroke cycle. Impulse over 10 s showed the highest correlation to maximum velocity (r = 0.827, p < 0.01), while a strong co-correlation was observed between the impulse per stroke cycle and mean force (r = 0.910, p < 0.01). The explanatory model results revealed that an increase in paddling velocity is, among other factors, driven by increased leg force. Maximal velocity could predict 68% of the paddlers' velocity within 1 km/h with peak leg force, impulse over 10 s, and stroke rate (p-value < 0.001, adjusted R-squared = 0.8). Sprint kayak paddlers elicit a strong positive relationship between leg pushing forces and velocity. The results confirm that sprint kayakers' cyclic leg movement is a key part of the kayaking technique.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
biomechanics, footrest, force measurements, leg forces, sprint kayak
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6833 (URN)10.3390/s21206790 (DOI)000714431600001 ()34696005 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-10-27 Created: 2021-10-27 Last updated: 2022-02-10
Petré, H., Hemmingsson, E., Rosdahl, H. & Psilander, N. (2021). Development of Maximal Dynamic Strength During Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training in Untrained, Moderately Trained, and Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. Sports Medicine, 51(5), 991-1010
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of Maximal Dynamic Strength During Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training in Untrained, Moderately Trained, and Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
2021 (English)In: Sports Medicine, ISSN 0112-1642, E-ISSN 1179-2035, Vol. 51, no 5, p. 991-1010Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: The effect of concurrent training on the development of maximal strength is unclear, especially in individuals with different training statuses.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis study was to compare the effect of concurrent resistance and endurance training with that of resistance training only on the development of maximal dynamic strength in untrained, moderately trained, and trained individuals.

METHODS: On the basis of the predetermined criteria, 27 studies that compared effects between concurrent and resistance training only on lower-body 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength were included. The effect size (ES), calculated as the standardised difference in mean, was extracted from each study, pooled, and analysed with a random-effects model.

RESULTS: The 1RM for leg press and squat exercises was negatively affected by concurrent training in trained individuals (ES =  - 0.35, p < 0.01), but not in moderately trained ( - 0.20, p = 0.08) or untrained individuals (ES = 0.03, p = 0.87) as compared to resistance training only. A subgroup analysis revealed that the negative effect observed in trained individuals occurred only when resistance and endurance training were conducted within the same training session (ES same session =  - 0.66, p < 0.01 vs. ES different sessions =  - 0.10, p = 0.55).

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the novel and quantifiable effects of training status on lower-body strength development and shows that the addition of endurance training to a resistance training programme may have a negative impact on lower-body strength development in trained, but not in moderately trained or untrained individuals. This impairment seems to be more pronounced when training is performed within the same session than in different sessions. Trained individuals should therefore consider separating endurance from resistance training during periods where the development of dynamic maximal strength is prioritised.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2021
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6626 (URN)10.1007/s40279-021-01426-9 (DOI)000631473500001 ()33751469 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-04-01 Created: 2021-04-01 Last updated: 2024-03-15
Salier Eriksson, J., Olsson, K., Rosdahl, H. & Schantz, P. (2021). Heart Rate Methods Can Be Valid for Estimating Intensity Spectrums of Oxygen Uptake in Field Exercise.. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article ID 687566.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Heart Rate Methods Can Be Valid for Estimating Intensity Spectrums of Oxygen Uptake in Field Exercise.
2021 (English)In: Frontiers in Physiology, E-ISSN 1664-042X, Vol. 12, article id 687566Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Quantifying intensities of physical activities through measuring oxygen uptake (V̇O2) is of importance for understanding the relation between human movement, health and performance. This can in principle be estimated by the heart rate (HR) method, based on the linear relationship between HR and V̇O2 established in the laboratory. It needs, however, to be explored whether HR methods, based on HR-V̇O2 relationships determined in the laboratory, are valid for estimating spectrums of V̇O2 in field exercise. We hereby initiate such studies, and use cycle commuting as the form of exercise.

Methods: Ten male and ten female commuter cyclists underwent measurements of HR and V̇O2 while performing ergometer cycling in a laboratory and a normal cycle commute in the metropolitan area of Stockholm County, Sweden. Two models of individual HR-V̇O2 relationships were established in the laboratory through linear regression equations. Model 1 included three submaximal work rates, whereas model 2 also involved a maximal work rate. The HR-V̇O2 regression equations of the two models were then used to estimate V̇O2 at six positions of field HR: five means of quintiles and the mean of the whole commute. The estimations obtained were for both models compared with the measured V̇O2.

Results: The measured quintile range during commuting cycling was about 45-80% of V̇O2max. Overall, there was a high resemblance between the estimated and measured V̇O2, without any significant absolute differences in either males or females (range of all differences: -0.03-0.20 L⋅min-1). Simultaneously, rather large individual differences were noted.

Conclusion: The present HR methods are valid at group level for estimating V̇O2 of cycle commuting characterized by relatively wide spectrums of exercise intensities. To further the understanding of the external validity of the HR method, there is a need for studying other forms of field exercises.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2021
Keywords
cycle commuting, cycling, heart rate method, heart rate-oxygen uptake relationship, metabolic measurements, oxygen uptake
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6760 (URN)10.3389/fphys.2021.687566 (DOI)000674587800001 ()34295264 (PubMedID)
Projects
FAAP
Available from: 2021-08-10 Created: 2021-08-10 Last updated: 2024-01-17
Olsson, K., Salier Eriksson, J., Rosdahl, H. & Schantz, P. (2020). Are heart rate methods based on ergometer cycling and level treadmill walking interchangeable?. PLOS ONE, 15(8), Article ID e02373.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Are heart rate methods based on ergometer cycling and level treadmill walking interchangeable?
2020 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 8, article id e02373Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction. The heart rate (HR) method is a promising approach for evaluating oxygen uptake (V̇O2), energy demands and exercise intensities in different forms of physical activities. It would be valuable if the HR method, established on ergometer cycling, is interchangeable with other regular activities, such as level walking. This study therefore aimed to examine the interchangeability of the HR method when estimating V̇O2 for ergometer cycling and level treadmill walking in submaximal conditions. 

 

Methods. Two models of HR-V̇O2 regression equations for cycle ergometer exercise (CEE) and treadmill exercise (TE) were established with 34 active commuters. Model 1 consisted of three submaximal intensities of ergometer cycling or level walking, model 2 included also one additional workload of maximal ergometer cycling or running. The regression equations were used for estimating V̇O2 with seven individual HR values based on 25-85% of HR reserve (HRR). The V̇O2 estimations were compared between CEE and TE, within and between each model.

 

Results. Only minor, and in most cases non-significant, average differences were observed when comparing the estimated V̇O2 levels between CEE and TE. Model 1 ranged from -0.4 to 4.8% (n.s.) between 25-85 %HRR. In model 2, the differences between 25-65 %HRR ranged from 1.3 to -2.7% (n.s.). At the two highest intensities, 75 and 85 %HRR, V̇O2 was slightly lower (3.7%, 4.4%; P < 0.05), for CEE than TE. The inclusion of maximal exercise in the HR-V̇O2 relationships reduced the individual V̇O2 variations between the two exercise modalities.

 

Conclusion. The HR methods, based on submaximal ergometer cycling and level walking, are interchangeable for estimating mean V̇O2 levels between 25-85% of HRR. Essentially, the same applies when adding maximal exercise in the HR-V̇O2 relationships. The inter-individual V̇O2 variation between ergometer cycling and treadmill exercise is reduced when using the HR method based on both submaximal and maximal workloads.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2020
Keywords
heart rate method; heart rate; oxygen uptake; walking; cycling; ergometer cycle
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6075 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0237388 (DOI)000561027200026 ()32760167 (PubMedID)
Projects
FAAP
Funder
Region Stockholm, LS0401-0158Swedish Transport Administration, TRV:2017/63917-6522
Available from: 2020-03-16 Created: 2020-03-16 Last updated: 2021-06-14Bibliographically approved
Ainegren, M., Jensen, K. & Rosdahl, H. (2020). Breathing resistance in metabolic systems: Its effects on pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake in elite athletes with high aerobic power. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 234(3), 217-226
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Breathing resistance in metabolic systems: Its effects on pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake in elite athletes with high aerobic power
2020 (English)In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, ISSN 1754-3371, Vol. 234, no 3, p. 217-226Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake ( (V) over dot athletes with a very high maximal oxygen uptake (V) over dotO(2)max) and corresponding high ventilation capacity when using a modern metabolic system with relatively high resistance to breathing (HIGH(RES)), compared to a traditional system with low resistance to breathing (LOWRES). Four rowers and three cross-country skiers (without asthma), competing at a high international level, performed in experimental conditions with LOWRE (S)and HIGH(RES) using a rowing ergometer and roller skis on a treadmill. The results showed that (V) over dotO(2), blood lactate, heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the LOWRES and HIGH(RES) test conditions during both submaximal and maximal exercise. Also, the athlete's time to exhaustion (treadmill) and mean power (rowing ergometer) from maximal tests were no different between the two conditions. However, ventilation and expiratory O-2 and CO2 concentrations were different for both submaximal and maximal exercise. Thus, the authors have concluded that the differences in resistance to breathing of metabolic systems influence elite endurance athletes (V) over dot(E)at low to very high workloads, thus affecting the expired gas fractions, but not the submaximal (V) over dotO(2), (V) over dotO(2)maxand performance in a laboratory setting at sea level.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2020
Keywords
Automated metabolic systems, breathing resistance, Douglas Bag system, oxygen saturation, oxygen uptake, ventilation
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Research subject
Medicine/Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6260 (URN)10.1177/1754337120919609 (DOI)000539949100001 ()
Available from: 2020-08-14 Created: 2020-08-14 Last updated: 2021-09-30Bibliographically approved
Projects
Validation and application of new methods for measurements of power and force in elite sprint kayaking [CIF P2022-0025]; Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-8161-5610

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